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Packaging is an essential activity in the food system. Consequently, virtually every food product is packaged one or more times before it reaches the ultimate consumer. In most food production and distribution systems, packages are used to move products from farms to processing plants, between...

For more than a century "tipper" trucks—so called for their ability to lift their cargo beds at an angle that allows their contents to empty without manual intervention—have helped construction crews haul heavy building materials, including tons of asphalt and gravel at a time. The typical model...

Ladder technology has definitely developed over the years. Once we think about the fact a primitive person crouching within the grass that Mesolithic rock paintings first portraying the existence of the equipment over 10,000 years ago, it makes us realize simply how far they have actually come...

Quartz is one of the most abundant and widely distributed minerals in nature. Quartz is the only stable polymorph of crystalline silica on the Earth‘s surface. It is found in all forms of rocks: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. It becomes concentrated in soils, bodies of water and sand when...

It seems the whole world has embraced the ethos of the ant this season, and not the grasshopper. Collectively we are preserving and storing food more than ever before: to maximize summer/early fall produce bounties, to reduce food waste in anticipation of tighter access to foods in coming...

This paper reviews the state of the art in processing and extraction of gold. The ore bodies which were considered uneconomical at one time are becoming economical due to new and advanced methods of extraction. The paper discusses the gold treatment methods on free milling ores with conventional...

Interlinings, also called interfacing, are generally nonwoven fabrics that add more structure and body to garment components like collars, button plackets, waistbands, and cuffs. Interlinings may be fusible or sew-on. Interlining fabric durability is important for garment construction. Fusible...

Cat toys aren’t all fun and games for your cat; whether elaborate or simple, toys give your cat exercise, mental stimulation, a chance to act on hunting instincts, and a way to bond with you. There are so many cat toys on the market. It can be tough to pick ones that are both safe and...

Lipstick is arguably the most enduring of cosmetic products. Both women and men have colored their cosmetics for lip at various times throughout the ages—though the practice fell in and out of favor, changing with society’s value judgements. As lip-painting fluctuated in popularity, it...

Over the past decade, tiny houses and micro-apartments have gained an immense amount of popularity as affordable and environmentally-friendly options for modern living. With compact architecture growing increasingly preferable or necessary for many, spatially-conscious furniture design is...